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Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act (VAWA)

《全球网络赌博平台》(VAWA)旨在解决女性在校园里面临的暴力问题:跟踪率最高, highest risk of non-fatal intimate partner violence, and 20-25% of female students experiencing rape or attempted rape.

10月20日, 2014, the United States Department of Education published the final regulations for VAWA. The regulations expand rights afforded to campus survivors of 性侵犯, 家庭暴力, 约会暴力, 和被人跟踪. This revised legislation creates the following definitions and terms:

  1. 性侵犯: An offense that meets the definition of rape, 被溺爱的人, 乱伦, or statutory rape as used in the FBI’s UCR program.
  2. 性犯罪: Any sexual act directed against another person, without the consent of the victim, 包括 instances where the victim is incapable of giving consent.
    • 强奸-渗透, 无论多么微不足道, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.
    • 抚摸-为了性满足而触摸另一个人的私密身体部位, without the consent of the victim, 包括受害人因其年龄或因其暂时或永久精神丧失能力而无法给予同意的情况.
    • 乱伦-在法律禁止婚姻的范围内相互关联的人之间的性行为.
    • 法定强奸-与未达到法定同意年龄的人发生性关系.
  3. 家庭暴力: A felony or misdemeanor crime of violence committed
    • By a current or former spouse or intimate partner of the victim;
    • By a person with whom the victim shares a child in common;
    • By a person who is cohabitating with, 或与…同居, the victim as a spouse or intimate partner;
    • 根据发生暴力犯罪的司法管辖区的家庭暴力法或家庭暴力法，与受害者的配偶地位相同的人;
    • 根据暴力犯罪发生地的家庭暴力法或家庭暴力法，受保护的成人或青年受害者不受其行为的侵害.
  4. 约会暴力: 与受害者有或曾经有浪漫或亲密社会关系的人实施的暴力.
    • 这种关系的存在应根据报告方的陈述并考虑到该关系的持续时间来确定, 关系的类型, and the frequency of interaction between the persons involved in the 的关系.
    • For the purposes of this definition, 约会暴力包括, 但不限于, sexual or physical abuse or the threat of such abuse.
    • 约会暴力不包括家庭暴力定义所涵盖的行为.
    • 任何符合这一定义的事件都被认为是克莱利法案报告的犯罪.
  5. 跟踪: 从事一种针对特定的人的行为，这种行为会导致一个理智的人
    • Fear for the person’s safety or the safety of others; or
    • Suffer substantial emotional distress.

For the purposes of this definition:

    • Course of conduct means two or more acts, 包括, 但不限于, acts in which the stalker directly, 间接, 或者通过第三方, 通过任何行动, 方法, 设备, 或者意味着, 遵循, 监控, 观察, 监视, 威胁, or communicates to or about a person, or interferes with a person’s property.
    • 通情达理人是指与被害人在相似情况下具有相似身份的通情达理人.
    • 实质性的情绪困扰是指严重的精神痛苦或痛苦，可能, 但不一定, require medical or other professional treatment or counseling.
    • 任何符合这一定义的事件都被认为是克莱利法案报告的犯罪.
  2. 全球网络赌博平台 to prevent 约会暴力, 家庭暴力, 性侵犯, 和被人跟踪: 全面的, 有意的, 集成编程, 倡议, 策略, and campaigns intended to end 约会暴力, 家庭暴力, 性侵犯, 跟踪:
    • 与文化相关, inclusive of diverse communities and identities, 可持续发展的, 回应社区需要, and informed by research or assessed for value, 有效性, or outcome; and
    • Consider environmental risk and protective factors as they occur on the individual, 的关系, 机构, 社区, 以及社会层面
    • 全球网络赌博平台 to prevent 约会暴力, 家庭暴力, 性侵犯, 跟踪包括针对新生和新员工的初级预防和意识全球网络赌博平台以及针对学生和员工的持续预防和意识活动.
  3. 意识程序: Community-wide or audience specific programming, 倡议, 以及增加受众知识并分享信息和资源以防止暴力的战略, 促进安全, 减少犯罪
  4. 旁观者干预: 安全、积极的选择，可由个人或个人采取，以防止伤害或在有约会暴力风险时进行干预, 家庭暴力, 性侵犯, 或跟踪

Bystander intervention includes:

    • Recognizing situations of potential harm

了解助长暴力的体制结构和文化条件, overcoming barriers to intervening, identifying safe and effective intervention options, and taking actions to intervene

  1. Ongoing prevention and awareness campaigns: 编程, 倡议, 以及长期持续的策略，重点是提高对与处理约会暴力相关主题的理解和技能, 家庭暴力, 性侵犯, 和被人跟踪, using a range of 策略 with audiences throughout the institution

Primary prevention programs: 编程, 倡议, and 策略 informed by research or assessed for value, 有效性, or outcome that are intended to stop 约会暴力, 家庭暴力, 性侵犯, 在他们发生之前跟踪他们通过促进积极和健康的行为来培养健康, mutually respectful 的关系s and sexuality, encourage safe bystander intervention, and seek to change behavior and social norms in healthy and safe direction.

  1. 降低风险: Options designed to decrease perpetration and bystander inaction, 增强受害者的权能，以促进安全，帮助个人和社区解决助长暴力的条件.
  2. Prompt, fair, and impartial proceeding: 在机构政策规定的合理时限内完成的程序, 包括一个程序，允许在有充分理由的情况下延长时间框架，并书面通知原告和被告延迟和延迟的原因;
      以下述方式进行:

    • 符合该机构的政策，并对原告和被告透明;
    • Includes timely notice of meetings at which the accuser or accused, or both, may be present; and
    • Provides timely and equal access to the accuser, 被告, and appropriate officials to any information that will be used during informal and formal disciplinary meetings 和听证会; and
    • 由对原告或被告没有利益冲突或偏见的官员进行
  3. 顾问: Any individual who provides the accuser or accused support, guidance, or advice
  4. 程序: 所有与机构纪律投诉的非刑事解决有关的活动, 包括, 但不限于, 事实调查, 正式或非正式会议, 和听证会. 诉讼程序不包括官员与受害者之间关于向受害者提供住宿或保护措施的通信和会议.
  5. 结果: 任何初始, 临时, 该结果必须包括该机构所施加的任何制裁.